Ectopic Pregnancy: Contemporary Perspectives on Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and Reproductive Outcomes
Keywords:
Ectopic pregnancy; Tubal pregnancy; β-hCG; Transvaginal ultrasonography; Methotrexate; Laparoscopy; Fertility.Abstract
Background: Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo implants and grows outside the endometrial cavity. If not diagnosed and treated promptly, it can become life-threatening. The majority of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube, while advances in diagnostic capabilities have enabled earlier identification and treatment with the aim of reducing serious complications and preserving future fertility.
Aim: This review aims to present the clinical and epidemiological profile of ectopic pregnancy, with emphasis on risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management options, prognosis, and reproductive outcomes.
Conclusion: Early diagnosis and appropriate selection of treatment are central to reducing morbidity from ectopic pregnancy. Expectant management, methotrexate therapy, and surgery have distinct roles according to clinical stability, implantation site, β-hCG findings, and evidence of rupture. Management should prioritize maternal safety while preserving reproductive potential whenever appropriate.