Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in the HPV Era: Transformation Zone, Screening, Colposcopy, and Management

Abstract

Background: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) refers to a spectrum of precancerous changes involving the squamous epithelial cells of the cervix. It represents dysplastic transformation limited to the epithelial layer, without invasion beyond the basement membrane. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types leads to the development of precancerous lesions and, if untreated, invasive cervical cancer.

Aim: To review cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, human papillomavirus, cervical cancer screening, and colposcopy.

Conclusion: Colposcopy allows magnified visual examination after acetic acid application to highlight abnormal epithelium. Directed biopsy is performed to confirm histological diagnosis and grade. Because the disease can be effectively treated and largely prevented when caught early, it is essential to detect and manage its pre-invasive stages as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.