An Overview on Androgenetic Alopecia

Abstract

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of non-scarring hair loss, affecting a significant proportion of both men and women worldwide. It is characterized by progressive miniaturization of hair follicles in a patterned distribution, primarily involving the frontal and vertex scalp. The pathogenesis of AGA is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, androgen metabolism—particularly the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)—and increasing evidence highlighting the contribution of environmental factors, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Clinically, AGA presents with distinct patterns in males and females and can be assessed using standardized classification systems such as the Hamilton–Norwood and Ludwig scales. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, supported by tools such as trichoscopy and, in selected cases, scalp biopsy. A wide range of therapeutic options is available, including topical and oral pharmacological agents, hormonal therapies, regenerative techniques, and light-based modalities. Despite advances in understanding its pathophysiology, AGA remains a chronic condition requiring long-term management strategies.